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JW51I 

Foreword 


r RAN SAT LAN TIC cables are so occu¬ 
pied with the happenings in Western 
Europe, Soviet Russia and the Near 
East as to be able to transmit only meager 
and occasional dispatches concerning other 
parts of the Continent. 

The high spots in the politics of England. 
France, Ri^ssia, Italy and Germany are de¬ 
scribed at length in the American press. 
But the happenings in the newer States 
receive scant attention. 

This is especially true of the three Baltic 
States,—Esthonia on the Gulf of Finland 
and the Baltic Sea , Latvia on the Gulf of 
Riga and the Baltic Sea. and Lithuania 
which lies directly south surrounded by Rus¬ 
sia, Poland and Germany. 

The struggles of these Baltic countries 
against heavy economic odds, their efforts at 
self-government along democratic lines and 
their attempts to develop American good¬ 
will. culminating in their recognition by the 
United States Government on July 27th last, 
are seemingly of little importance in the 
march of world events. 

Rarely are they mentioned in the press or 
public forums in America. 

mjflP 


TMP96-024556 


WHAT THEY ARE 


W HAT are these Baltic States? What manner 
of people live there? What is their historic 
background? 

These questions may well be asked for these 
states did not even appear on the map of Europe 
until after the World War and Russian Revolution. 

They are Republics. Although long held as 
provinces under Russian domination they are not 
Russian in any sense. They have no kinship with 
the Russians, in blood, language or religion. The 
Esthonians belong to the same stock as the Finns. 
The Lithuanians and Latvians (Letts) form two 
branches of the same race. They are direct de¬ 
scendants of the first Aryan people who settled in 
Europe. Their languages are derived from the same 
root, which is, incidentally, the oldest of all living 
Aryan languages. It is most akin to the primeval 
Sanskrit. 

The Baltic races have clung to their languages, 
their religions, their customs, their culture and folk¬ 
lore through years of oppression and “Russification” 
under the Czars. 

Although the Greek Orthodox- was the religion of 
their former Russian masters, these races held to 
their own religious beliefs. The Esthonians and 
Latvians (Letts) belong largely to the Lutheran 
Church. The Lithuanians and a part of the Latvians 
are Roman Catholic. 

The sternest measures failed to stifle their nation¬ 
alist spirit or suppress their literature. Their litera¬ 
ture today is rich in poetry and popular tales. It 
is vibrant with patriotic feeling and with the love 
for their homelands and for their traditions. The 
poetry is full of the very breath of nature. 


—0O0— 


Situated at the gateway to Northeastern Europe 
the Baltic Republics form a wedge separating Russia 
from direct contact with Germany. 

As compared with America they are but small 
countries, yet Esthonia is larger than Holland, 
Belgium, Denmark or Switzerland. 

Latvia is larger than Holland and Belgium to¬ 
gether. 

Lithuania compares with Portugal and has more 
inhabitants than Greece. 

The population of Esthonia is twice that of Monte¬ 
negro; and Latvia has more inhabitants than Nor¬ 
way. 


Historically, they are as little known to Americans 
as the onee resplendent city of Ispahan, although 
their annals are replete with historic facts and 
incidents. 

Some seven hundred years ago the free peoples 
of Esthonia and Latvia, after much bitter fighting, 
were conquered by the German Crusaders of the 
Order of the Sword. The Lithuanians being more 
Powerful were able to defend their independence and 
in 1410, at the battle of Tannenburg, gave a deadly 
blow to the German Knights, who never again re¬ 
gained their power. 

The territory which had belonged to this Orde* 
was now divided between the Lithuanian-Polish 
state on the south and Sweden on the north. The 
struggle between these powers for mastery of the 
Baltic continued until the early Eighteenth Century. 
Then Russia in the Great Northern War wrested 
Esthonia anjd part of Latvia (Livonia) from them 
and incorporated them into the Russian empire. 

Not until the end of the Eighteenth Century, 
however, did she succeed in adding Lithuania and 
southern Latvia. (Duchy of Courland) to her con¬ 
quests. 

—0O0—■ 

Now was written the darkest page in the history 
of these peoples. Every means known to Czarist 
Russia was used to destroy their racial integrity. 
For well over one hundred years their struggle for 
separation went on. 

Then came the World War. The Baltic countries, 
as Russian provinces, bore the brunt of the attack 
on Russia. The most crushing desolation resulted 
from the shifting tides of battle. Towns and vil¬ 
lages were demolished and the population starved. 

The tragic events of these years are little known 
to the Western World. Not one enemy but two 
faced the Baltic peoples. The collapse of the Keren¬ 
sky regime, after the Russian Revolution, brought 
the armies of Bolshevik Russia to their frontiers. 
Latvia and Esthonia,, seeing the very foundations 
of their culture endangered by the Russian Com¬ 
munists, declared their independence early in 1918. 
No sooner had they successfully driven back the 
armies of Soviet Russia when the German forces 
invaded and occupied their countries. 

Lithuania, already under German occupation, pro¬ 
claimed itself an independent state in February of 
the same year. 

The Armistice, which brought peace to Western 
Europe, did not end bloodshed in the Baltic prov¬ 
inces. With the downfall of Germany, the Soviet 
forces again invaded these countries. For two years 
more the struggle continued. Only in 1920 was 
peace finally made and treaties signed by which 
Russia renounced all her sovereign rights over these 
three territories and paid indemnity. 


Not even the heroic Belgians suffered more than 
the Baltic peoples. Theirs would have been per¬ 
haps the most tragic fate of history if, out of their 
baptism of fire and blood, they had not emerged 
free and independent peoples. 

The independence of these republics has since 
been formally recognized by all the leading nations 
of the world, now including the United States (July 
27, 1922). All three are members of the League of 
Nations. 

During the four years since the Lithuanians, Lat¬ 
vians and Esthonians obtained their freedom, they 
have taken rapid strides in government. Universal 
suffrage is the order in all three Republics. Their 
constitutions guarantee a full measure of personal 
liberty together with liberty of conscience and creed. 
The rights of private property are safeguarded. 
Stable governments have been organized with cabi¬ 
nets, ministers and national assemblies. 

All boundary questions have been settled amicably 
among the three States. The only boundary of 
Lithuania not settled is that with Poland in the 
Vilna and Suvalki region. The Lithuanian part of 
Germany which was separated from that country 
by the Versailles Treaty (territory of Memel) is still 
in the hands of the Allies. 

—0O0— 

Freedom lias been a great spur to education also. 
In Lithuania alone, for instance, the number of 
primary pupils has increased from a pre-war 42,000 
to over 160,000 (1922), and the number of pupils in 
the secondary schools has jumped from about 6000 
to over 17,000. 

Illiteracy is practically unknown among the Lat¬ 
vians and Esthonians. The historic old university 
at Dorpat (Esthonia) was founded almost three hun¬ 
dred years ago and is one of the finest in Europe. 

At Riga, in Latvia, the university has an enroll¬ 
ment of some 5000 students of both sexes. 

—oOo— 

The productivity of these countries is growing by 
leaps and bounds. All three are largely agricultural. 
In each of them there has been a reform of the old 
land system involving a division of the big estates 
to offset inequalities under the old Russian system. 
The process is still being carried on. In spite of 
the widespread devastation brought about by the 
war. for the past two years there has been a sur¬ 
plus of food stuffs for export. 

Economic conditions generally are improving cor¬ 
respondingly, as is evidenced by the fact that this 
year Esthonia. and Latvia have succeeded in prac¬ 
tically balancing their budgets. In the vernacular 
of American business, all three are “going concerns.” 


WHAT THEY HAVE 


L I T H U A X 1 A 

NOTE—Accurate statistics about Lithuania 
are difficult to secure, because the eastern 
part with the capital, Vilna, is still under 
Polish military occupation, while the Memel 
district is still under control of the Entente. 


The following: statistics do not include occupied 
territory, except where specified. 


1. AREA: (including: occupied territory) 

About 33,000 square miles. 

2. POPULATION: (including: occupied territory) 

4,500,000 of which 70% is Lithuanian, 13% 
Jewish, 8% Polish or Polandized Lithuanian, etc. 
(There are about 1,000,000 Lithuanians in America.> 

3. PRINCIPAL CITIES: 

Vilna (Vilnius, historical capital) with 214,000 
inhabitants (now under Polish occupation). 

Kovno (Kaunas, temporary capital) with 100,- 
000, Grodno (Gardinas) 00,000, Memel (Klaipeda) 
30,000 inhabitants. 

4. GOVERNMENT: 

A Republic—President and Cabinet of Ministers 
responsible to a Parliament (Seimas) which con¬ 
sists of one Chamber elected by universal suf¬ 
frage. National minorities (Jews, White Rus¬ 
sians and Poles) have constitutional rig:ht to 
cultural autonomy with their respective ministers 
in the Cabinet. Constitution adopted Augrust 
first, 1922. 

President—Alexsandras Stulgjnskis 
Premier—E. Galvanauskas 

Minister of Finance, Trade and Industry— 
J. Dobkevicius 

Minister of Foreig:n Affairs—V. Jurg;utis 


EDUCATION: 

Before the World War 
Schools Pupils 
Primary 844 42,384 

Secondary 27 5,950 


1922 

Schools Pupils 
1.708 160,230 

93 17,149 


The State University at Kovno opened February 
16tli, 1922, now has over 600 students. 


6. CURRENCY: 

Present monetary unit is the German mark. 
A currency reform is in process. The new unit 
of national currency will be the "Litas” equiva¬ 
lent to a dime in American money. The "Litas” 
will consist of 100 "cents”, a "cent” equalling: 
1/10th of an American cent. 

A State Emission Bank is being: created; one- 
third of the capital to be put up by the grov- 
ernment, one-third by citizens and one-third by 
foreign financiers. 



EITHUANI A—Cont, 


7. FINANCES: 

1920 BUDGET—(Fiscal year .January 1st) 
Revenue—422,329,209 marks 
Chief Sources— 

State Revenues, chiefly the government 


flax monopoly . 35.2% 

Indirect Taxes, chiefly customs duties 34.5% 

State Properties and Capital, (rail¬ 
ways, waterways, etc.). 12% 

Expenditures—422,329,209 marks 
Chief Items— 

National Defence .58.16% 

Ways and Communications.16.49% 

Public Instruction . 5.24% 

1921 BUDGET— 

Revenue—766,472,729 marks 
Chief Sources— 


Indirect Taxes—(customs duties) ... .46.9% 
State Properties and Capital, (rail¬ 


ways, etc.) .25.3% 

Expenditures—751,290,577 marks 
Chief Items— 

National Defence .54% 

Ways and Communications.22% 

For Public Instruction. 4.44% 

FOREIGN DEBT as of August, 1922 

To U. S. Treasury.$5,041,627 

To Eithuanians in America. 2,000,000 


To Great Britain.. Sterling 16,812. 12s. 4d. 
INTERNAL DEBT—32,597,450 marks. 

Amount of paper money in circulation— 
about 5,000,000,000 German (ost-marks) 
Marks. 

No Lithuanian paper money printed. 
Present gold reserves.over $2,000,000 


8. AGRICULTURE: 

Chief occupation in which 80% of population 
is engaged; entire area of arable land is 5,638,420 
acres. 


1921 production was— 


Rye . 

Wheat . . 
Barley 

Oats . 

Potatoes 
Flax seed 
Flax fibre 


53',050 tons 
77,300 “ 

145,350 “ 
263,500 “ 

1,386,000 “ 

23,100 “ 

18,800 " 


Available for export 1921-1922: 

Rye . 

Barley . 

Oats . 

Wheat . 

Potatoes . 

Flax . 


10 % 

10 % 

5% 

12 % 

5% 

50% 



























LITHUANI A—Cont. 


9. FORESTS: 

Are a great source of wealth, comprising more 
than one-quarter of total area; in unoccupied 
territory approximately 2,066.633 acres are in 
forests (mainly pine, fir and hard wood), 24,710 
acres (10,000 hectares) represent normal annual 
cutting; over 10% available for export. 


10. LIVE STOCK: 


Cattle breeding and poultry farming are im¬ 
portant industries. Dairy products in 1921 
formed 34% of total exports, birds and eggs 
25%. 


Horses 

Cattle 

Swine 

Sheep 


1920 1921 

280,000 370.000 

480,000 780,000 

750,000 1,262,000 

806,000 1.036,000 


11 . 


INDUSTRIES: 

In first part of 1922 statistics showed there 
were employed approximately 12.000 skilled and 
30,000 unskilled workmen in the following in¬ 
dustries : 


Flour Mills 
Breweries 
Distilleries 
Yeast Factories 
Tanneries 


Saw Mills 

Matchwood Factories 
W oodpulp Factories 
Furniture Shops 
Linseed Oil Factories 


Textile (Linen and Woolen) Mills 
Meat Packing Houses Candy Factories 
Agricultural Machine Factories. 


12. FOREIGN TRADE: 

Chief Exports: Flax seed and fibre, dairy 
products (eggs especially), timber (prepared and 
unprepared), grain products, skins (dried and 
raw), hides, furs and food stuffs. 

Chief Imports: Manufactured goods, (chemical 
products, colonial wares, machinery, etc.), raw 
materials (coal, iron, wood, etc.). 

1921 exports amounted to 631,744,123 marks. 

1921 imports amounted to 876,874,930 marks. 

Foreign trade is unrestricted. 

13. SHIPPING: 

Lithuania’s only port, Mcmel, is still tinder 
the control of the Allies and no shipping statis¬ 
tics are available. 

At present Lithuania has about 18 miles of 
Baltic Sea coast with the town of Palanga. A 
bill has been presented to the Constituent As¬ 
sembly proposing the creation of a port near 
Palanga. 

There are 20 steamboats. (passenger and 
freight), sailing between Kovno, Tilzit and the 
port of Memel via the river Nieman (Nemunas). 






LITHUANI A—Cont. 


14. RAILROADS: 

There are about 1,800 miles of railways, broad 
and narrow gauge. Preparations being made 
for increase. 

The Paris-Berlin-Rlga international trains pass 
through Lithuania (Kovno-Sauliai to Riga and 
Sauliai, Dvinsk, Petrograd). 

15. REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES : 
Representative of Lithuania in the United States: 

Hon. Voldemar Carneckis, 

Lithuanian Legation, 

1925 F. Street, Washington, D. C. 

Financial Representative: 

Dr. J. J. Bielskis, 

Lithuanian Consulate, 

38 Park Row, New York City. 

Telephone, Cortlandt 5319. 


LATVIA 


1. AREA: 

25,000 square miles. 

2. POPULATION: 

1,900,000 (pre-war 2,552,000) of which 80% is 
Latvian, 8.86% Russian, 4.29% Jewish, etc. 

3. PRINCIPAL CITIES: 

Riga, the capital, with 300,000 inhabitants (pre¬ 
war 560,000), Liepaja (Libau), Jelgava (Mitau), 
Ventspils (Vindau). 

4. GOVERNMENT: 

A republic—State President is elected by a par¬ 
liament of 100 members elected for a three 
year term. 

President—Jan Chakste 
Premier—Zigfrid A. Meierovics 
Minister of Finance—Ringold Kalning 

5. EDUCATION: 

There are at present 1,570 primary schools with 
150,129 pupils and 107 secondary schools with 
15,080 pupils. 

State University at Riga has some 5,000 
students of both sexes. 

6. CURRENCY: 

Present monetary unit is Latvian rouble. A 
currency reform is in process. To regulate cur¬ 
rency circulation and the emission of bank notes 
on a strict gold basis, it is planned to form a 
State Emission Bank. The standard unit will 
be a gold “Lat” equal to a gold franc. 



LAT V I A—Cont. 

7. FINANCES: 

1921- 22 BUDGET—(Fiscal year April 1st) 
Revenue—8,600,000,000 Latvian roubles (Ap¬ 
proximately $30,000,000), 

Chief Sources: 

Supplies, trades and industries (under Min¬ 
istry of Finance). 59% 

Agriculture, 19% 

Communications, 15% 

Expenditures—8,600,000,000 Latvian roubles 
Chief Items: 

Trades and Industries, 23% 

National Defense, 19% 

Communications, 14% 

NOTE: The budget as submitted at beginning 
of 1921 fiscal year showed a deficit. By end of 
year (April 1922) deficit was eliminated by 
economies in administration expenses. 

1922- 23 BUDGET— 

Estimated Revenue—137,000,000 gold francs. 
Chief Sources: 

State monopolies, 33% 

Direct taxes, 23% 

Slate Enterprises, 20% 

State lands and forests, 13% 

Estimated Expenditure—152,000,000 gold 
francs. 

Chief Items ? 

State Undertakings, railways, etc., 33% 
Administration, 16% 

National Defense, 14% 

Education and Public Welfare, 7% 

NOTE: Before end of fiscal year (April 1923) 
it is estimated that total deficit will be elimi¬ 
nated by economies in administration, etc. 

FOREIGN DEBT—(January 1st, 1922) totaled 
52,046,800 gold francs as follows: 

To U. S. Government.$5,132,287.12 

To Norway .6,738.127 50 kroner 

To Great Britain.£20,169 Is lOd 

To France .2,241,516.61 francs 

INTERNAL DEBT—Totals 352,000 gold francs. 

The amount of paper money in circulation 
equals 46,000,000 gold francs. 

No paper money printed since May, 1921. 
1921. 

Present gold reserves: $6,000,000. 


8. AGRICULTURE: 

50% of the population engage in 
1920 crop production: 

Rye . 

Barley . 

Flax . ... 

Potatoes . 

Wheat . 


agriculture. 

131,189 tons 
73.298 “ 

32,233 “ 

412,788 “ 

11,671 “ 


9. FORESTS: 

3,775,000 acres, or about 25% of total area is 
in forests. Are an important source of revenue; 
the normal annual cutting is approximately 15,- 
000 hectars (37,000 acres). 











LATVI A—Cont. 

1920 export ot raw materials, woo<l products 
(paper, wood work, w T ood pulp, etc.), totaled 
66,000,000 gold fcs. 

10. LIVESTOCK: 

In 1920 Latvia had: 

Horses 
Cattle 
Sheep 
Goats 
Swine 

11. INDUSTRIES: 

Pre-War (1910)—In the metal, chemical, textile 
mineral, lumber and dairy industries, 81,500 
workers were employed. Value of goods pro¬ 
duced (1910) was $110,322,000. 

25% of metal industry of former Russian Em¬ 
pire w r as concentrated in Riga and Libau. 

1914—In city of Riga alone there were 100,000 
industrial hands. 

1922—Total number industrial plants: 2,495 
employing 24,617 workers. 

To offset coal shortage Latvian Government 
plans to construct hydro-electric plant on river 
Dvina to cost £7,000,000 capable of generating 
360,000 H.P. 

12. FOREIGN TRADE: 

Chief Exports: Timber, different articles In 
wood, flax and different products of agriculture 
such as butter, eggs, etc. 

Chief Imports: Coal, metals, machinery and 


cotton. 


1920 




Tons 

Value 



Imports: 

127.681 

2,061,000.000 

Lat. 

roubles 

Exports: 

216,517 

1,075,000,000 

ii 

n 



1921 



Imports: 

185,500 

4,684,800.000 

Lat. 

roubles 

Exports: 

236,000 

1,958,000,000 

4 4 

44 


13. TRANSIT TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS: 

Latvia is the most direct trade route between 
Russia, western Europe and America. Before the 
war 20.6% of all Russian imports and 28% of 
all Russian exports passed through Latvian 
territory. Three Russian main railroad lines 
converge on Latvian ports. 

In January 1922 there were 1,807 miles of rail¬ 
way served by 399 railway stations. 

In 1920, tons of freight carried totaled 1,230,633. 

In 1921, tons of freight carried totaled 2.346,228. 

There is direct international sleeping car ser¬ 
vice from Riga without changing trains to Paris 
and Ostend (with steamer connections to Dover). 


261.000 
768,000 
978,000 
29,000 
557,000 







L A T V I A—Cont. 

14. SHIPPING: 

Chief ports: Riga, Libau (Liepaja) and Vindau 
(Ventspils). 

1920 1921 

No. Tons No. Tons 

No. and Tonnage of 1 

port? 1 2 3 4 5 * ot nt mel f 1,753 475 ’ 500 2 ’ 804 784,800 

Libau and Vindau J 

(Statistics of 1913 show a total of 11,540 vessels 
totaling 6,000,000 tons entered these three ports.) 

On January 1st, 1922: 91 vessels (aggregate 
tonnage 34,249) were flying the Latvian flag. 

Steamers are plying regularly between Latvipn 
ports and New York, Halifax, Hull, London, 
Hamburg, Dantzig, Stockholm, Havre, Dunkirk. 

15. REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES: 

Representative of Latvia in the United States: 
Hon. Chas. L. Seya, 

Latvian Legation, 

2304 Massachusetts Avenue, 

Washington, D. C. 

Consul: 

Mr. Arthur B. Lule, 

Latvian Consulate, 

38 Park Row, 

New York City. 

Telephone: Cortlandt 3639. 


ESTHONIA 

1. AREA: 

18,000 square miles. 

2. POPULATION: 

1,250,000 of which 95% is Esthonian, 5% Rus¬ 
sian, German, etc. 

3. PRINCIPAL CITIES: 

Reval (Tallinn) the capital with 125,000 in¬ 
habitants; Tartu (Dorpat) 54,000; Narva 26,000; 
Parnr 26,000. 

4. GOVERNMENT: 

A Republic: The president is elected by the 
State Assembly numbering 100 members elected 
by the people for a three-year term. 

President—Konstantin Pats 

President of the State Assembly (Parliament) — 
John Kukk 

Minister of Finance—G. Vestel 
Minister of Foreign Affairs—A. Piip 

5. EDUCATION: 

In 1922: 1,494 primary schools. 96,726 pupils; 

79 secondary schools, 26,157 pupils. 

The State University at Dorpai (founded in 
1632) has 2,800 students. 



ESTH O N I A—C'ont. 

6. CURRENCY: 

The monetary unit is the Esthonian mark— 
equal to 1 gold frane. 


7. FINANCES: 

1921 BUDGET—(Fiscal year January 1st). 
Revenue—4,610,000,000 Esthonian marks (ap¬ 
proximately $14,000,000). 

Chief Sources: 

Indirect Taxes, 45% 

State enterprises, 32% 

Direct taxes, 13% 

Expenditures—6,387,000,000 Esthonian marks. 

Chief Items: 

National Defense, 29% 

Communications, 16% 

Interest payments, collections, etc., 12 , /2% 

(1921 deficit was 1,770 million Esthonian 
marks, of which 700 millions were covered by 
issued treasury bills.) 

1922 BUDGET— 

Revenue—5,190,000,000 Esthonian marks. 

Chief Sources: 

Indirect taxes, 41 % 

State enterprises, 37% 

Direct taxes and stamp taxes, 18% 
Expenditure—5,803,000,000 Esthonian marks. 

Chief Items: 

National Defense, 22% 

Administration, 15% 

Railways, etc., 16% 

(Deficit to be met by credit operations. No 
treasury bills to be issued.) 

FOREIGN DEBT as of January 1st, 1922, totaled 
$16,100,000 as follows: 

To U. S. Government.$14,000,000 

(includes Am. Relief Administration) 

To Great Britain . 1,100,000 

To France . 900,000 

To Denmark . 100,000 


INTERNAL DEBT: 100,000,000 Est. marks. 

Amount of paper money in circulation (Jan¬ 
uary, 1922), totaled 2,757,000,000 marks. 

No paper money printed since August, 1921. 
Present gold reserves: $7,000,000. 


8. AGRICULTURE: 

Is chief occupation in which 75% of population 
is engaged. 

1920 production was— 

Rye . 95,747 tons 

Barley . 58,400 “ 

Oats . 76,056 “ 

Flax seed . 4.700 “ 

Flax fibre . 5,077 “ 

Potatoes . 570,000 “ 

Wheat . 7.370 “ 













E S T H O N I A—Cont. 

9. FORESTS: 

Have an area of 1,995,000 acres, supplying 
timber for export, wood pulp for paper manu¬ 
facture, etc. 

Oil shale is found in large quantities; im¬ 
portant as fuel and as material for distillation 
of oil. 1920 production—800,000 tons. 

10. LIVESTOCK: 


Dairy products give important part 
income. 

1920 

Horses . 

of farmers’ 

Cattle . 



Sheep . 



Swine . 



INDUSTRIES: 

Industry 

1921 

No. of Plants No. 

Employees 

Textile Mills 

124 

6,333 

Paper Mills 

73 

2,736 

Wood Industries 

111 

2,403 

Tanneries 

70 

792 

Brick & Cement 

56 

3,604 

Iron and Steel 

103 

11,306 

Chemical Plants 

117 

574 

Grain and Food 

289 

2,334 

Diverse 


1,462 

Total 

896 

31,444 


Of 274 pre-war alcohol distilleries which pro¬ 
duced annually 388,000 hectoliters (100 liters) 
120 now operating. 

Cotton mills at Narva, with 500,000 spindles, 
employing 9,000 men before the war, now employ 
2,500. 

12. FOREIGN TRADE: 

Chief Exports: Flax, paper, potatoes, dairy 
products, timber, furniture, matches, wood pulp 
and alcohol. 

Chief Imports: Machinery and coal. 

1920 1921 

Tons Value (Mks.) Tons Value (Mks.) 
Imports: 88,702 1,395,000,000 137,345 4.482,000.000 
Exports: 137,743 1,228,000,000 131,216 2,286,000,000 

13. TRANSIT TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS: 

Esthonia forms an important gateway to Rus¬ 
sia for her transit trade. In 1921 60% of Russian 
trade through the Baltic Sea went over Reval. 
Income of Esthonian railways from transit trade 
in 1921 was 192.6 million marks. 

1920 1921 

tons tons 

24,709 191,993 

3,539 1,265 


Transit goods to Russia. 

Transit goods from Russia.... 









E S T H O N I A—Cont. 

There are 058 miles of railway. All important 
Esthonian ports are connected by rail with im¬ 
portant centres in Russia* 

Distance from Reval to Petrograd is 228 miles; 
from Reval to Moscow 594 miles. 

According to Peace Treaty with Russia, 
Esthonia has obtained preferential option on a 
concession for construction and exploitation of 
a direct line from Reval to Moscow. Prepara¬ 
tions for its building are under way. 

Direct international sleeping car service from 
Reval by Riga without changing train to Paris 
and Ostend (with steamer connections to Dover). 

14. SHIPPING: 

Chief ports are Reval (avant port for Petro- 
grad) ; Baltic Port—where government will estab¬ 
lish a free port; has direct connections with 
Petrograd and Moscow; is free of ice. 

1920 1921 

No. Tons Net No. Tons Net 

No. and Tonnage of ] 

Vessels entering )• 2,975 293,803 3,802 089,082 

the Port of Reval J 

Regular sailings are established between 
Esthonia and England, France, Germany, Sweden, 
Denmark and Finland. 

REPRESENTATION IN UNITED STATES: 

Acting Consul: Mr. Hans Eeoke, 38 Park Row, 
New York City. Telephone, Cortlandt 2439. 



Baltic American Society 

Incorporated 

Objects 

An American organization incorporated under the 
laws of the State of New York for the following 
purposes: 

(1) To develop a firm friendship between the 
peoples of the Baltic Republics—Lithuanians, Lat¬ 
vians and Esthonians—and the people of the United 
States of America. 

(2) To spread knowledge of the cultural develop¬ 
ment and aspirations of the Baltic peoples in the 
United States of America. 

(3) To promote mutual economic, commercial, and 
educational ties between the respective countries. 


Membership 

Membership is open to all who sympathize with 
and will support the aims of the Society. Classes 
of membership are as follows: 

(1) Patrons who contribute $500 upon election 
to membership and are thereafter exempt from all 
payment of dues. 

(2) Life Members who contribute $100 upon elec¬ 
tion to membership and are thereafter exempt from 
all payment of dues. 

(3) Associate Members: $25.00 per year. Associate 
Members are entitled to vote and are eligible for 
election to the Board of Directors. 

(4) Annual Members: $10.00 per year. Annual 
Members are entitled to vote but are not eligible 
for election to the Board of Directors. 

(5) Contributing M embers: $5.00 per year. Con¬ 
tributing members are not entitled to vote and are 
not eligible for. election to the Board of Directors. 

FINANCIAL NOTE: This Society is supported 
entirely by contributions and membership dues. It 
is not in any sense a business concern. 





OFFICERS FOR 1922 


Honorary Presidents 

Hon. Voldemar Carneckis 
Representative of Lithuania 
Hon. Charles L. Seya 
Representative of Latvia 
Mr. Hans Leoke 
Acting Consul for Esthonia 

President, Robert J. Caldwell . 
Vice-President, Stephen P. Duggan 
Secretary, Alfred C. Bossom 
Treasurer, George Gordon Battle 
Executive Director, Matilda Spence 


Executive Committee 

Hamilton Holt, Chairman 
Harold H. Bender Rev. Conrad Klemmer 
Julius J. Bielskis Arthur B. Lule 
Robert J. Caldwell James G. McDonald 
Matilda Spence 


DIRECTORS 

The Executive Committee 

and 


Jean H. Caldwell 
Hon. Walter Chandler 
Dr. John Eiman 
John H. Finley 
William C. Grace 
Rev. Jonas Jakaitis 
Sen. Wm. H. King 

Ernest 


Henry Goddard Leach 
Rowland B. Mahany 
George Foster Peabody 
Arthur Ruhl 
Dr. Peter Speek 
Wm. J. Schieffelin 
P. S. Villmont 
Wollrath 


Baltic American Society 

INCORPORATED 

^15 PAR^OW. NEW YORK 


3k7V*^»XRCL»Y 8450 

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